The temple of Artemis is the smallest of the three temples in the sanctuary of Letoon. It is an ante temple (ante = tongue of wall) with a cella and two columns in the pronaos. The never-removed rocks in the cella either filled the substructure of a gallery for the statue of the goddess or had a cultic meaning.

In Greek mythology, Artemis is the goddess of hunting, the forest, the moon and the guardian of women and children. She is one of the twelve great Olympic gods and therefore one of the most important deities of Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She corresponds to Diana in Roman mythology.